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Deuteronomy 32:eight and the Sons of God

Michael Heiser

 Freedom University

 , mshmichaelsheiser@gmail.com

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Recommended Commendation

Heiser, Michael, "Deuteronomy 32:eight and the Sons of God" (2001).

Faculty Publications and Presentations.

BiBLiOTHECA

 SACRA

158

 (Jan-March

2001) 52-74

DEUTERONOMY

32:8 AND

THE

 SONS OF GOD

Michael Southward.

 Heiser

M

OSES'

 Good day

 SONG

IN

 DEUTERONOMY

 32:one-43 is one of

the

 more intriguing portions of Deuteronomy and has re ceived much attention from scholars, primarily for its po etic features, archaic orthography and morphology, and text- disquisitional bug.

1

 Among the textual variants in the Vocal of Moses, i in

 poesy

 viii stands out as particularly fascinating. The New American Standard

 Bible

 renders the

 verse

this way: "When

the

 About Loftier

 gave

 the nations their inheritance, when He sepa rated  the sons of human, He set the boundaries of the peoples ac cording to the number of the sons of Israel." The last phrase, "according to the number of the sons of Is rael," reflects thdue east reading of theastward Masoretic text

 ^ΚΊΕΓ

 Ή, a reading also reflected in some later revisions of the Septuagint: a manu script of Aquila (Codex X), Symmachus (also Codex Ten), and

Theodotion.

two

 About

 witnesses

 to the Septuagint in

 poetry

 eight, however, read,

αγγέλων θεού

 ("angels

of

 God"),

 which is interpretive,

3

 and

Michael

 Southward Heiser is a Ph D candidate in Hebredue west and Semitic Studiedue south at the

 Uni

 fiveeastwardrsity of  Wisconsin—Madison

For

a recent overview of the scholarship on thursdaydue east Song of Moses, see Paul Sand ers's thorough

 treatment

in

The Provenance of Deuteronomy 32

 (Leiden Brill, 1996) See also

 Frank

 M Cross and David

 Noel Freedman,

Studies in Ancient Yahwistic Poetry

 (1000

 Rapids Eerdmans, 199seven), William F Albright, "Some Remarksouth on

the

 Vocal of Moses in Deuteronomy XXXII,"

 Vetus Testamentum

9 (1959) 339-46,

and

D A

 Robertson,

Linguistic Evidence in Dating Early Hebrew Poetry

 (Missoula,

MT

 Scholars, 1972)

Fridericus

 Field, ed ,

 Origenis

Hexaplorum, Tomus I

 Prolegomena,

 Genesis

Esther

(Hildesheim Georg Olms, 1964), 320, η 12

3

This is the predominant reading in the Septuagint manuscripts and is nearly

unanimous

Seeast

 John

William Wevers, ed ,

Septuagmta Vetus Testamentum Graecum, Auctontate Academiae Scientiarum

 Gottingensis

 Editum,

vol iii 2

 Deuter onomium

 (Gottingen

Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 197seven), 347, and idem,

Notes on the

Greek

 Text of Deuteronomy

(Atlanta Scholars, 1995), 513 Weversouth refers to thisouthward

majority

 reading as "conspicuously a later on

 attempt

 to avoid any

 notion

 of lesser deities in favor of

 God's

 messengers" (ibid )

Deuteronomy

32

 8 and the Sons of God 53

several

 others read

 νιων

 θεού

 ("sons of

 God").

4

 Both of these Greek renderings presuppose a Hebrew text of eitheastr DTI^K "Ή or D^K "Ή. These Hebrew phrases underlying

αγγέλων θεού

and

 υιών θεού

 are attested in 2 Hebrew manuscripts from Qumran,

v

 and by ane (conflated) manuscript of Aquila.

6

Should the

 verse

 exist rendered "sons of Israel" or "sons of God"? The debate over which is preferabldue east is more than a fraterna50 spat among textual critics. The notion that the nations of the world  were geastographicafiftyly partitionortheastd anorthwardd owe thdue eastir terrestrial idenorthtity

to

the sovereign Becomed takesouthward the reader dorsum to the Tabular array of Nationdue south

in

 Genesis 10-11. 2 details there regarding God'due south apportionment of the earth are important for agreement Deuteronomy 32:8. Start, the Tabular array of Nations catalogs seventy nations, but Israel is

not

 included.

7

 Second, the use of the aforementioned Hebrew root

 ("lis)

in

 both

 Genesis 10 and Deuteronomy 32 to describe the "separation" of the human race and the nations substantiates thursdaye long- recognized observation that Genesis ten-11 is the backdrop to the argument in Deuteronomy 32:8.

8

 Because Israel alone is

 Yahweh'southward

portion,

 she was non numbered among the seventy other nations. The reference to 70 "sons of Israel" (in the Masoretic

text),

 initially seemed understandable enough, for both Genesis

46:27

and Exodus 1:5 state that seventy members of Jacob's family

4

Wevers, ed ,

 Septuaginta,

347 The Gottingen Septuagint has adopted

 υιών θεον

every bit the best reading, despite its having fewer attestations

Theast

 words

b\m

'Ώ

 are non an option for what was behind the Septuagint reading, as demonstrated by the Qumran support for the Hebrew text underlying thdue east

 unre-

 vised Septuaginorthwardt First, manusouthcript ivQDt

q

 has spaces for additional messages follow ing the

b

 of its [ ]·?Κ

"Ώ

 Second, 4QDt

J

 clearly reads

 wnfm

"22

 (Sanders,

The Prove nance

of

 Deuteronomy

32,

 156) See likewise

 Emanuel

 Τον,

 Textual

 Criticism of the He

brew

 Bible

(Minneapolis Fortress, 1992), 269

 Nosotrosvers,

ed ,

 Septuaginta,

347, and

 Field,

 Origenis

 Hexaplorum,

 Tomus

 I Prole

 gomena,

 Genesis-Esther,

320 The manuscript of Aquila is Codex 85  Equally Alledue north Ρ Ross noteasts, "On investigrandation theastward readeastwardr is strucgrand past a deliberatdue east

pattern

 in theastward selection of namesouth for theastward Table For example, of thursdaye sons of

 Japheth,

 who nuchiliadber seven, two are selected for furtheastr 50istidue northchiliad

 From

 those two sons come seven grandsondue south, completing a selectivdue east list of fourteen namesouth under Japheth With

Ham's

 thirty descendants and Shem's 20-six, the grand total is viity" ("Studies in the Volume of Genesis,

 Role

2 The Table of Nationsouthward in Genesis 10—Its

Construction,"

Biblwtheca Sacra

137 [October-December 1980] 342) Some scholars, Ross observes, arrive at the number of lxx-ane for the names, depending on how

the

 counting is done (ibid , 352, η 18) Ross and Cassuto agreeast

 that

 the accurate

count

is

 lxx

(cf

 Umberto

 Cassuto,

A Commentary on the Book of

 Genesis  From

Noah

 to Abraham

[Jerusalem Magnes, 196iv], 177-lxxx)

Cassuto,

A Commentary on the Book of

 Genesis,

174-78, Albright, "Some Re

marks

 on thursdaye Song of Moses in Deuteronomy 20XII," 343-44 A Niphal form of Tis is used in Genesis ten 5 (ms3), and the Hiphil occurs in Deuteronomy 32 8

 (ΓΡΊΒΓΠ)

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